Grapevine Cultivation Breeding Features:

Climate Demand:

• Grapes prefer temperate and warm climates.
• Hot and sunny days with cool and humid nights are ideal for grapevine cultivation.
• Regions free from frost risk are preferred.

Soil Requirements:

• Well-drained, deep, and organic matter-rich soils are ideal.
• Sandy-loamy soils are the most suitable soils for grapevine cultivation.
• Acidic soils are not suitable for grapes.
• Soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0.

ROOTSTOCKS (Rootstock Names):

• Common rootstocks used in grapevine cultivation are:
  • American Rootstocks (Vitis berlandieri): Resistant to drought and calcareous soils.
  • Anatolian Rootstocks (Vitis vinifera): More resistant to diseases.
  • Jacquez Rootstocks (Vitis labrusca): Resistant to cold climates.

POLLINATION BIOLOGY (Trees Used for Pollination):

• Grapevine is a wind-pollinated plant.
• Male flowers open before female flowers. This reduces the possibility of pollination problems.
• Planting different varieties together in the orchard is beneficial for increasing yield.
• To aid in pollination, other fruit trees compatible with grapes, such as figs, mulberries, and pomegranates, can also be included in grape orchards.

VARIETIES (Types of Trees):

• There are numerous grape varieties available for cultivation.
• Some of the most popular grape varieties include:
  • Black Grape: A black-colored, seeded grape variety.
  • Sultan: A green-colored, seedless grape variety.
  • Razaki: A yellow-colored, seeded grape variety.
  • Kalpak: A purple-colored, seeded grape variety.
  • Table Grapes: Grapes consumed fresh.
  • Raisin Grapes: Grapes used for making raisins.

ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT:

Sapling Planting and Time:

• Grape saplings are typically planted in the spring after the harsh winter frosts have passed.
• The best time for planting saplings varies by region.
• Generally, March-April is preferred.

Preparation of the Garden Place for Planting:

• Deep tillage should be done in the planting area to ensure drainage.
• Soil improvers can be used if necessary.
• Planting holes should be dug large enough to accommodate the sapling roots comfortably.

Features to be Sought in Saplings:

• Healthy, disease-free saplings with proper pruning marks should be preferred.
• Sapling roots should not be pruned.

Planting Distance and Shape (How Many Meters by How Many Meters to Plant):

• Grape trees are medium-sized trees. The planting distance should be determined accordingly.
• The planting pattern can be square or triangular depending on the land structure.
• Generally, planting is done at 3-4 meters x 3-4 meters intervals. However, these values may vary depending on the grape variety and soil fertility.
• For high-yielding table grapes, wider spacings (4-5 meters x 4-5 meters) can be preferred, while denser planting (2-3 meters x 2-3 meters) can be applied for raisin production.

ANNUAL MAINTENANCE OF ORCHARDS:

Tillage:

• Soil tillage (tillage) can be done once or twice a year for weed control and soil aeration.
• However, care should be taken not to excavate near the tree to avoid root damage.

Irrigation (Average Water Requirement per Tree):

• Grapevine needs water throughout the year. Regular irrigation is especially important during fruit set and development periods.
• A drip irrigation system saves water.
• On average, a young grape tree (up to 3 years old) needs 15-20 liters of water per week, while an adult tree needs 30-40 liters of water per week.
• These values can vary depending on rainfall, soil structure, tree age, and fruit condition.

Fertilization (NPK Values):

• Soil analysis should be done and fertilization should be done according to the need.
• In the first few years, fertilizers containing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) can be applied.
• Generally, the recommended NPK values for fruit-bearing grape trees are 60:30:80 kg/ha. However, these values may vary depending on soil analysis results.

Diseases and Pests (Names of Diseases):

• Grape powdery mildew disease
• Grape downy mildew disease
• Grape bacterial diseases
• Grape young shoot dieback disease
• Grape moth
• Aphids

Pruning (How Many Types of Pruning Shapes Are There):

There are generally three types of pruning done on grapevines:

• Cordon Pruning (Formation Pruning): This pruning is done on young vines to give them a desired shape.
• Fruiting Pruning: This pruning is done to increase yield and rejuvenate branches.
• Renewal Pruning: This pruning is done on older vines with declining yield to stimulate new growth.

Harvest (Months It Starts and How Many Kilos It Yields):

• Grape harvest typically begins between August and September, depending on the variety.
• Grape yield varies based on age, variety, maintenance practices, and climatic conditions.
• Grapevines that start fruiting after 4-5 years can provide a yield of 4-6 tons per hectare under ideal conditions.

Storage (Number of Days It Can Be Stored):

• The storage period depends on the grape variety and ripeness.
• Firm and unripe table grape varieties can be stored for 2-3 weeks under suitable conditions (such as a cold storage facility).
• Fully ripe table grape and raisin grape varieties spoil faster and should be consumed soon after harvest.

Other Important Information:

• Support Systems: Grapevines are climbing plants. Therefore, they need a support system for their development, such as a trellis system, pergola, or posts. The choice of support system depends on the land structure and grape variety.
• Post-Harvest Practices: After harvest, the vines become more vulnerable to diseases and pests. Therefore, it may be beneficial to close pruning wounds with healing agents and apply protective sprays like Bordeaux mixture in the fall.
• Organic Grapevine Cultivation: Organic grapevine cultivation is a method becoming increasingly popular. No chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used in organic grapevine cultivation. Instead, natural fertilizers and biological control methods are preferred.

Conclusion:

Grapevine cultivation can be a profitable investment when the right techniques are applied. This article has covered the main topics that need to be considered in every stage of grapevine cultivation. Implementing the techniques suitable for your region and chosen grape variety is crucial for success. For more detailed information, you can consult agricultural universities or seek advice from professionals in the field.

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